| |
Courses of B.Sc. Third Year (Paper
III) |
|
Sedimentology
Paleontology
Economic Geology
Engineering Geology
Exploration Geology
Environmental Geology
Sedimentology
Fundamentals of sedimentation,
sedimentation within different types of continental and marine
basins.
Also includes the sedimentary
petrology
Paleontology
Introduction: - Aim, scope and
objectives of paleontology, fossils, their mode of preservation for
life through geological ages, conceptual background on organic
evolution, Species, definition, concept and method of nomenclature.
Functional morphology.
Invertebrate Fossils: -
Classification, distribution, evolution and geological history of
phylum Brachiopod, Mollusc (Bivalve, Gastropod, Cephalopoda),
Arthropoda (Trilobite), Coelenterate (Anthozoa), Protozoa
(foraminifera), Echinodermata (Echinoidea), Hemichordata (Graptoloidea).
Vertibrate Fossils: -
Geological history through time of the following vertebrate groups:
Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Aves and Mammals, Equidac, Proboscides
and Homonidae.
Plant Fossils: - Plant life
trhough time, introductory idea about Pteridophyta,
Pteridospermophyta, Gondwana flora.
Economic Geology
Introduction, scope, aim,
historical background, morphology of ore bodies: - a) isometric,
b) pipe-like, c) composite, Classification of mineral deposits,
physical characteristics, optical properties and textures of ore
minerals.
Genesis of mineral deposits: -
a)magmatic concentration, b) contact metasomatism, c) hydrothermal,
d)composite, e)volcanic and submarine exhalation, f) sedimentation,
g) evaporation h) bacteriogenic, i) residual and mechanical
concentration, j) oxidation and spergene enrichment and
metamorphism.
Chemical composition of eco. Min.
and rocks: - Chemical composition, important physical
properties, mode of occurrence, utilization and distribution in
Nepal and adjacent areas of the follow up: ores of lead, zinc,
copper, aluminium, iron and gold; magnesite, limestone, coal,
petroleum and some selected gemstones.
Practical
Preparation of mineral maps of
Nepal.
Study of ores and industrial
mineral and rocks in hand specimens: - Lepidolite, Halite,
Native copper, Chalcocite, Covellite, Chalcopyrite, Malachite,
Azurite, Baauzite, Rutile, Limestone, Goethite, magnetite,
Hematite, Siderite, Pyrite, Galena, Orpiment, Realgar, Stibnite,
Cassiterite, Suphur, Psilomelane, Aresenopyrite, Native gold,
sphalerite, Baryte, Dolomite, Coal, Graphite, Kaolinite, Gypsum,
Fluorite, Corundum. Study of the following ore minerals under
the microscope: Galena, Sphalerite, Pyirte, Arsenopyrite,
Chalcopyrite, Covellite, Magnetite, Hematite.
Engineering Geology
An overview of engineering geology
and engineering practices: - Fundamentals of engineering geology
investigation: a) Formulation of investigation, b) Data collection,
c) Data analysis, d) Evaluation of decision making. Instruments used
in engineering geological investigations.
Fundamental of engineering geology
investigation: - a) Formulation of investigation, b) Data
collection, c) Data analysis, d) Evaluation and decision-making;
Instruments used in engineering geological investigations.
Engineering properties of rock and
soils: - Soil mechanics, engineering properties of soils,
classification of soils.
Engineering properties of rocks:
- a) Rock strength and deformation, b) Discontinuities in rock
masses, c) Index tests, d) Rock mass evaluation and e)
Classification of rocks.
Study of subsurface water: - a)
Infiltration and permeability, b) its influence in construction and
control of subsurface water.
Exploration Methods: - a)
Mapping, b) Remote sensing, c) Subsurface exploration
Construction materials: - a)
Source, b) Petrographic analysis, c) Aggregate exploration
Natural Hazard and Risk: - a)
Evaluation of geologic process, b) Mitigation of hazards, c) Risk
estimation.
Practical
Determination of various
engineering properties of soil: - i) Unit weight, ii)
Specific gravity, iii) Moisture content, iv) Porosity v)
Atterberg limit, vi) Dilatancy and viii) Toughness
Measurement of shear strength of
soil
Plotting of grain size
distribution curves and calculation of various coefficients
associated with them.
Determination of compressive,
shear and tensile strength of rocks.
Calculation of rock slope
stability using stereographic projections.
Calculation of rock mass strength.
Exploration Geology
Introduction: - Scope and
principles of prospecting criteria: a) Structural, tectonic, b)
Lithological, c) Stratigraphic, d) Magmatogenic, e) Geomorphologic,
f) Geochemical, g) Geophysical.
Prospecting methods and techniques:
- a) Gelogical, b) Geophysical, c) Geomechanical
Prospecting methods and techniques:
- a) Gelogical, b) Geophysical, c) Geomechanical
Explosive and blasting: -
Explosive theory of explosions drilling of shot holes, charging and
firing of shot holes.
Exploration methods: - mine
working, open cast and under ground mining, mine ventilation,
drainage, lighting and support.
Drilling: - Hand drilling,
percussion drilling, rotary drilling.
Sampling: - its types, sample
spacing in mine openings, sampling of exploratory boreholes.
Estimation of reserve: -
Reserves, their classification, reference data for reserve,
estimation and estimation of fluid and solid minerals reserve.
Ore dressing and beneficiation.
Oceans as new areas for exploration of
mineral resources.
Practical
Preperation of isolethmaps,
determination of true dip of mineral veins tracing outcrop,
mineral vein etc., construction of folds.
Estimation of average grades of
mineral from pits, trenches and benches calculation of average
assay from core drill samples, calculation of tonnage factor
Estimation of volume by triangular
method, estimation of volume by polygon method
Estimation of ore reserve by
various methods
Environmental
Geology
Introduction and fundamental
concept of environmental Geology: - Biosphere and concept of
geology processes and geological hazards.
River Flooding: - magnitude and
frequency of flood hazards landslides, slope stability, cause of
landslides, Human influence and landslide, prevention and correction
of landslides.
Earthquakes: - Magnitude,
intensity and frequency of earthquakes, man made earthquakes,
prediction of earthquakes, earthquake, earthquake hazard reduction
and control.
Volcanoes: - Effect of volcanic
activity, adjustment to volcanic hazards.
Coastal Hazard: - tropical
cyclones, tsunamis, coastal erosion, and coastal hazard mitigation
measures.
Hydrogeology and landslide
planning: - surface and groundwater hydrogeology and soil
erosion, the land use plan, soil survey in relation to land use
planning environmental friendly land use.
Mineral resources and environment:
- minerals and population, environmental impact of exploration
processing and smelting of minerals.
Energy resources and environment:
- energy crisis, consumption and production of energy, environmental
effect associated with each type of energy resources. Bio-energy,
petroleum, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear, coal solar isothermal
tidal and wind energy, future trend.
Pollution: - Pollution of air,
soil, and water, sources of contamination treatment of polluted
water.
|
|
| |
| |
|
